饲料镁不影响鲈鱼(Lateolabrax japonicas)幼鱼的生长及鱼体镁含量

以鱼粉和豆粕为主要蛋白源,以鱼油和豆油为脂肪源,向基础饲料中分别添加0、1.53、3.57、5.61、7.65、9.69 g/kg MgSO4·7H2O,配制镁含量分别为186、350、542、735、950、1220 mg/kg的6种实验饲料,用于饲养初始体重为(28.0±2.5)g的鲈鱼(Lateolabrax japonicas)为56 d,每组设3个重复,实验在流水系统中进行,水体镁的含量为1220 mg/L.结果显示,不同水平的饲料镁对鲈鱼幼鱼成活率、特定生长率、饲料效率无显著影响(P＞0.05);不同水平的饲料镁对鲈鱼幼鱼肝体比(HSI)、脏体比(VSI)及肥满度(CF)无显著影响P＞0.05);饲料镁对鲈鱼幼鱼肌肉粗蛋白、粗脂肪及灰分无显著影响(P＞0.05);饲料镁对鲈鱼幼鱼肌肉、脊椎骨及血清镁含量无显著影响(＞0.05).研究表明,鲈鱼幼鱼可以从海水或基础饲料原料中吸收的镁足够满足自身对镁的需求,因此,不需要在饲料中额外补充镁.     

Outbreak of hirame rhabdovirus infection in cultured spotted sea bass Lateolabrax maculatus on the western coast of Korea

In this study, we determined the cause of a disease outbreak in spotted sea bass, Lateolabrax maculatus reared in culture cages on the western coast of Korea in 2013. The major signs in the diseased fish exhibited were haemorrhaging on the membranes of the abdomen, gastrointestinal organs and opercular gills, as well as an enlarged spleen. No external morphological signs of infection were visible, except for a darkening in colour. No parasites or pathological bacteria were isolated from the diseased fish; however, epithelioma papulosum cyprini (EPC) cells inoculated with tissue homogenates from the diseased fish showed cytopathic effects (CPEs). Virus particles in the EPC cells were bullet‐shaped, 185–225 nm long and 70–80 nm wide, characteristic of Rhabdoviridae. Polymerase chain reaction analyses of homogenized tissues from the diseased fish and supernatants of cell cultures with CPEs indicated specific, 553‐bp‐long fragments corresponding to the matrix protein gene of the hirame rhabdovirus (HIRRV). Phylogenetically, the HIRRV phosphoprotein gene of spotted sea bass was more closely related to phosphoproteins from Chinese and Polish HIRRV strains than from other Korean strains. To our knowledge, this is the first report of HIRRV infection in cultured spotted sea bass.     

饲料中不同维生素A含量对花鲈生长和血清生化指标的影响

以酪蛋白和明胶为蛋白源,鱼油和豆油为脂肪源,糊精为糖源并添加氨基酸混合物配制精制基础饲料,通过向基础饲料中添加维生素A醋酸酯使饲料中的维生素A含量达到0、1 000、2 000、4 000、8 000和16 000 IU/kg(实测含量为245、1 005、1 835、3 781、7 583和15 273 IU/kg),配制出6种等氮等能的实验饲料(饲料1～6).以花鲈为实验对象,在室内流水系统中进行为期9周的生长实验,探讨精制饲料中不同维生素A含量对花鲈生长和血清学生化指标的影响.结果表明:摄食不添加维生素A组(饲料1)饲料的花鲈在养殖后期表现出较高的死亡率,并出现眼球浮肿、膨胀、鳍基充血以及鳃盖扭曲等维生素A缺乏症,而在其他维生素A添加组(饲料2～6)并未出现类似症状.体成分分析表明:饲料中不同维生素A含量会显著增加花鲈体脂肪含量,但对蛋白质和水分的含量没有显著影响.对花鲈血清指标分析表明:饲料添加维生素A含量会显著增加花鲈血清碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、甘油三酯(TG)和胆固醇(TC)含量,但显著降低丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)和天冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)活力.采用折线模型,当以增重率为评价指标时,花鲈对饲料中维生素A的需求量为1 934.8 IU/kg;当以肝脏维生素A含量为评价指标时,花鲈对饲料中维生素A的需求量为3 546.6 IU/kg.     

花鲈皮肤溃疡病病原菌的分离与鉴定

为了确定海水池塘养殖花鲈发生皮肤溃疡病的病原菌及其防治方法。利用莆田市人工饲养的花鲈中挑取具有皮肤溃疡病明显症状的幼鱼,从体表病灶和体内组织中分离出病原菌,通过人工感染试验、细菌形态观察及常规生理生化指标测定对其进行了分类学鉴定,同时进行药敏试验。结果表明：引起该养殖场皮肤溃疡病的病原菌为哈维氏弧菌,该菌对复方新诺明、阿莫西林、哌拉西林、替卡西林、头孢拉定、头孢噻肟、头孢吡肟、头孢他啶、头孢呋辛钠、美罗培南、头孢西丁、卡那霉素、奈替米星、阿米卡星等14种药物敏感,对米诺环素、链霉素等抗生素表现出耐药。在实际生产上采用饲料中添加复方新诺明和维生素C的方法来治疗花鲈皮肤溃疡病,连续用药10天后,取得了较好的疗效。     

松花江哈尔滨段三种鮈亚科鱼类的食性与营养级分析

分析了松花江哈尔滨段宾县石场和鸟河乡两个采样点水域野生花（Hemibarbus maculatus）、麦穗鱼（Pseudorasbora parva）、条纹似白鮈（Paraleucogobio strigatus）等三种鮈亚科鱼类消化道食物的组成,研究了这三种鱼类在河流生境下食性类型、营养级,探讨其在特定生态系统中饵料基础及鱼类间食物关系。结果表明,花属杂食性,主要摄食水生昆虫、底栖生物、浮游植物,营养级为3.86;麦穗鱼为杂食性,其食物组成为小鱼、水生昆虫、浮游动物、浮游植物,营养级为3.07级。条纹似白鮈属底栖动物食性,主要摄食水生昆虫,营养级为2.53。     

饲料中添加抗菌肽和枯草芽孢杆菌对花鲈生长和非特异性免疫功能的影响

在基础饲料中分别添加300 mg/kg的抗菌肽和200 mg/kg的枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis),连续投喂花鲈(Lateolabrax japonicus)60 d,测定其特定生长率、存活率,并分别于试验的20 d、40 d和60 d测定肝胰脏、头肾、鳃的过氧化氢酶(CAT)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)以及血清溶菌酶(LSZ)和一氧化氮合酶(NOS)活力水平。结果显示:试验组花鲈的特定生长率和存活率与对照组间均无显著差异(P>0.05)。抗菌肽组所测组织CAT、SOD以及血清LSZ、NOS活性水平在20 d时均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),40 d时以上指标(头肾SOD除外)与对照组间差异不显著(P>0.05)。枯草芽孢杆菌组所测组织CAT、SOD以及血清LSZ活性水平在20 d时均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),60 d时以上指标(头肾SOD除外)与对照组间差异不显著(P>0.05),而整个过程血清NOS活性水平与对照组不存在显著性差异(P>0.05)。结果表明:两种添加剂可增强机体消除活性氧自由基的能力,提高机体血清溶菌酶活性水平。此外,抗菌肽对花鲈血清一氧化氮合酶系统具有诱导调节作用。     

花鲈消化系统组织学与组织化学研究

[目的]探讨花鲈的生理特性。[方法]用石蜡切片的方法,通过不同的染色方法对鲈鱼的消化道进行组织学和组织化学研究。[结果]PAS反应显示消化道各处都有黏多糖存在;AB/PAS反应显示消化道黏膜下层含有中性黏多糖,杯状细胞含有中性、酸性黏多糖。硝酸银反应显示胃体、幽门胃黏膜下层有棕黑色颗粒,表明含钙。腾氏蓝反应显示幽门胃及结缔组织中有蓝黑色颗粒,表明含铁。HE染色显示鲈鱼消化道肌肉层发达。食道、幽门及胃含有大量杯状细胞,黏液腺发达;胃部肌肉层发达。[结论]花鲈消化道结构与其肉食性密切相关。     

花鲈等渗点分析及海水淡化对Na+/K+/Cl-浓度、Na+-K+-ATP酶活性及基因表达的影响

广盐性鱼类有着较为复杂的渗透调节机制,能够在较大盐度范围内存活并生长。通常认为鱼类在等渗环境下用于渗透调节的代谢能量最少,有利于鱼类生长。本实验首先根据不同盐度下花鲈血清渗透压对应水体渗透压的变化,计算得到花鲈的等渗点为11.4。而后进行海水淡化和淡水适应两个阶段的盐度实验,通过对花鲈两个阶段中血清渗透压、Na~+/K~+/Cl-浓度、Na~+-K~+-ATP酶(Na~+-K~+-ATPase,NKA)活性及其基因表达的测定,探讨了海水淡化对花鲈的生理影响与分子响应机制。在盐度实验中,Na~+和Cl-浓度变化和血清渗透压变化趋势一致,在淡化阶段显著下降,在淡水适应阶段逐渐恢复稳定,但仍低于起始水平。鳃组织中NKA基因表达结果显示,NKAα1a和NKAα1b的变化趋势与Na~+-K~+-ATP酶活性变化趋势基本一致,在淡化阶段显著下降,随后回升至稳定,不同的是,淡水适应后花鲈NKAα1a表达量与盐度30组无显著性差异,而NKAα1b表达量显著低于盐度30;NKAα3在淡化第1天,表达量显著降低,且在淡水(盐度0)环境下一直处于较低水平;NKAβ在淡水适应过程中的表达量总体高于淡化过程。相关性分析中,海水淡化阶段,Na~+-K~+-ATP酶和NKAα1a呈极显著相关。本研究通过对花鲈等渗点以及海水淡化和淡水适应阶段相关离子、酶、基因表达的测定,弥补有关花鲈等渗点研究的空白,同时为花鲈的淡化养殖提供一定的理论指导。     

复合蛋白替代鱼粉对花鲈生长、消化能力和肠道健康的影响

以初均重为(5.80±0.07) g的花鲈(Lateolabrax maculatus)幼鱼为实验对象，研究复合蛋白替代鱼粉对花鲈生长、消化和肠道健康的影响。用复合蛋白分别替代对照组饲料中0、20%、40%、60%和80%的鱼粉，配制成5种等氮等脂的实验饲料，分别用这5种饲料投喂花鲈70 d；养殖实验期间水温为(29.5±1.5)℃，盐度为29±1，溶解氧≥6.5 mg/L。养殖实验结束后采集样品进行分析，结果显示，20%替代组花鲈生长性能与对照组无显著差异(P>0.05)，但随鱼粉替代比例的升高，花鲈增重率(WGR)、存活率(SR)、饲料效率(FE)以及蛋白质效率(PER)显著下降(P<0.05)，花鲈肠道蛋白酶活性以及饲料干物质、粗蛋白与粗脂肪表观消化率皆显著降低(P<0.05)，且花鲈后肠黏膜组织结构出现损伤，肠道促炎因子TNF-α、IL-1β基因表达量升高，抗炎因子基因IL-4、IL-10表达量相应降低。研究表明，复合蛋白替代花鲈饲料中鱼粉比例不宜超过20%。     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.